The Surprising History of Black People in Germany

The German census does not poll residents on race, following World War II, so there is no definitive number of the population of black people in Germany. One report  by  the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance  estimates there are 200,000 to 300,000 black people living in Germany, although other sources guess that number is higher, upwards of 800,000.   Regardless of the specific numbers, which dont exist, black people are a minority in Germany, but they still are present and have played an important role in the countrys  history.  In Germany, black people are typically referred to as Afro-Germans (Afrodeutsche) or black Germans (Schwarze  Deutsche).   Early History Some historians claim that the first, sizable influx of Africans came to Germany from Germanys African colonies in the 19th century. Some black people living in Germany today can claim ancestry dating back five generations to that time. Yet Prussias colonial pursuits in Africa were quite limited and brief (from 1890 to 1918), and far more modest than the British,  Dutch and French powers. Prussias South West African colony was the site of the first mass genocide committed by Germans in the 20th century. In 1904, German colonial troops countered a revolt with the massacre of three-quarters of the Herero population in what is now Namibia. It took Germany a full century to issue a formal apology to the Herero for that atrocity, which was provoked by a German extermination order (Vernichtungsbefehl). Germany still refuses to pay any compensation to the Herero survivors, although it does provide foreign aid to Namibia.   Black Germans Prior to World War II After World War I, more blacks, mostly French Senegalese soldiers or their offspring, ended up in the Rhineland region and other parts of Germany. Estimates vary, but by the 1920s, there were about 10,000 to 25,000 black people  in Germany, most of them in Berlin or other metropolitan areas. Until the Nazis came to power, black musicians and other entertainers were a popular element of the nightlife scene in Berlin and other large cities. Jazz, later denigrated as Negermusik (Negro music) by the Nazis, was made popular in Germany and Europe by black musicians, many from the U.S., who found life in Europe more liberating than that back home. Josephine Baker in France is one prominent example. Both the American writer and civil rights activist W.E.B. du Bois and the suffragist Mary Church Terrell studied at the university in Berlin. They later wrote that they experienced far less discrimination in Germany than they had in the U.S. The Nazis and theBlack Holocaust When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1932, the racist policies of the Nazis impacted other groups besides the Jews. The Nazis racial purity laws also targeted gypsies (Roma), homosexuals, people with mental disabilities  and black people. Precisely how many black Germans died in Nazi  concentration camps  is not known, but estimates put the figure at between 25,000 and 50,000. The relatively low numbers of black people in Germany, their wide dispersal across the country and the Nazis focus on the Jews were some factors that made it possible for many black Germans to survive the war.   African Americans in Germany The next influx of black people to Germany came in the wake of World War II when many African-American GIs were stationed in Germany.   In Colin Powells  autobiography My American Journey, he  wrote  of  his tour of duty in West Germany in 1958 that for ... black GIs, especially those out of the South, Germany was a breath of freedom —  they could go where they wanted, eat where they wanted and date whom they wanted, just like other people. The dollar was strong, the beer good, and the German people friendly. But not all Germans were as tolerant as in Powells experience. In many  cases, there was resentment of the black GIs having relationships with white German women. The children of German women and black GIs in Germany were called occupation children† (Besatzungskinder) — or worse.  Mischlingskind  (half-breed/mongrel child) was one of the least offensive terms used for half-black children in the 1950s and 60s.   More About the Term 'Afrodeutsche' German-born blacks are sometimes called Afrodeutsche (Afro-Germans)  but the term is still not widely used by the general public. This category includes people of African heritage born in Germany. In some cases, only one parent is black But just being born in Germany does not make you a German citizen. (Unlike many other countries, German citizenship is based on the citizenship of your parents and is passed on by blood.) This means that black people born in Germany, who grew up there and speak fluent German, are not German citizens unless they have at least one German parent. However, in 2000, a new German naturalization law made it possible for black people and other foreigners to apply for citizenship after living in Germany for three to eight years. In the 1986 book, Farbe Bekennen  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  Afrodeutsche Frauen auf den Spuren Ihrer Geschichte, authors May Ayim  and  Katharina Oguntoye  opened up a debate about being black in Germany. Although the book dealt primarily with black women in German society, it introduced the term Afro-German into the German language  (borrowed from Afro-American or African American) and also sparked the founding of a support group for blacks in Germany, the ISD (Initiative Schwarzer Deutscher).

Why Everybody Is Talking About Apsyntehesis Essay Samples 2011...The Simple Truth Revealed

Why Everybody Is Talking About Apsyntehesis Essay Samples 2011...The Simple Truth Revealed The Good, the Bad and Apsyntehesis Essay Samples 2011 Now once you know what a synthesis essay is that can begin working on it! Since you can see, it isn't that simple to compose a synthesis essay. A synthesis essay prompt has to be negotiable. It is all about combination. The many sections of the synthesis essay must be carried over in the most effective possible fashion and it's best explained through synthesis essay examples. Make certain all gathered sources are associated with your essay topic. There are three sorts of synthesis essays. Before you start to compose a synthesis essay, identify all the points that you prefer to discuss. Synthesis essays are typical in high school and college classes hence they might not be a totally new phenomenon to some people. The implication here is that synthesis essays need a lot of research and students ought to be ready for such work. Students receive a 15-minute reading period to accommodate the extra reading necessary for the question. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. Let's start from the start. The remainder of your synthesis essay in English should be constructed around that most important sentence. The most important body is arguably the most important portion of an essay. Once more, the body of the essay should start out with information concerning the paragraph's topic. What is Actually Going on with Apsyntehesis Essay Samples 2011 Know the type of essay that you're writing. It is essential to choose proper words. The AP English argument FRQ has become the most straightforward of the AP English FRQs because it's the most like essays you're already utilised to writing. Things You Should Know About Apsyntehesis Essay Samples 2011 When the paper was completed, the conclusion provides the final touches by supplying suggestions or further comments. If you're writing your essay with some too brief deadline on an exam, you will need to stress on your argument in each and every paragraph. Now that you know what a terrible topic appears like, it's time to speak about what a superior topic resembles. You might also want to suggest additional research or comment on things that it wasn't possible that you discuss in the paper. If you're clueless as to the best way to begin an essay or whether you need suggestions regarding topics, our sample essay education can be of some assistance to you. It's still true that you have to read some helpful information on how best to compose a rhetorical analysis essay. The examples may also be downloaded via the download hyperlink button beneath the sample to be able to find a close look. For argumentative essay samples click the hyperlink. It's almost not possible to produce your synthesis paper outline in case you don't know the prerequisites of the undertaking. The paper needs to be written in the shape of a dialogue between your ideas and sources utilized in research. Such paper tends to get different sections. For a normal student a synthesis paper may sound quite troubling, as it isn't a frequent undertaking to finish. Folks give all kinds of reasons that are directed at justifying abortions while some come up with equally great arguments that present abortion as an evil. Following that, you must construct your own claim, and compose an essay around that. Tie every claim you make to a bit of evidence to make sure the very best essay possible. What Apsyntehesis Essay Samples 2011 Is - and What it Is Not Every examples of synthesis essay should adhere to a structure so as to convey the message in the most effective method. The secret to all kinds of synthesis is the exact same. Therefore, a synthesis is the kind of essay which offers you as the student several resources to utilize in building a strong claim. The term synthesis is about collecting data from two or more sources and developing a distinctive content out of them. How to Find Apsyntehesis Essay Samples 2011 Online There's one key difference, thoughyour instructor offers you the sources you are likely to use to substantiate your argument. When you work through your sources, make a decision as to what position you're likely to take. Attempt to anticipate what your reader should know at any certain point of your paper so as to comprehend or appreciate fully the point you're making. What you will need is a topic that has a lot of sources that could support more than 1 position.

Microbiology Coursework Bacillus Cereus Free Essays

Microbiology Coursework: Bacillus cereus After investigation following on outbreak of food poisoning at a pizza restaurant, it was found that all suffers had consumed a portion of side salad from the self-service salad bar alongside their main dish. Subsequently, this was further traced to a rice salad. Environmental Health Officers investigating this outbreak suspected it may have been caused by Bacillus cereus (B. We will write a custom essay sample on Microbiology Coursework: Bacillus Cereus or any similar topic only for you Order Now cereus). The presence of large numbers of B. cereus in a food is indicative of active growth and proliferation of the organism and is consistent with a potential hazard to health. The diagnosis of B. ereus can be confirmed by the isolation of more than 105 B. cereus organisms per gram from epidemiologically implicated food, but such testing is often not done because the illness is relatively harmless and usually self-limiting 1. Design a method(s) to enumerate the: i)Total bacterial count ii)Bacillus cereus count In the rice salad This outbreak of food poisoning could be investigated by performing an enumeration (plate count) of the total viable bacteria in the rice salad on a general non-selective agar using either the pour or the spread plate method. To confirm that the outbreak had been caused by any B. ereus present in the rice salad a selective media agar, such as mannitol egg yolk polymixin agar (MEYP/MYP), should be used. Once B. cereus has been confirmed a further enumeration of the B. cereus should be performed on the MEYP/MYP agar selective media plate to show whether the amount of B. cereus present is within the range known to cause food poisoning 105–107 cells g? 1 of food for Diarrhoeal syndrome, or 105–108 cells g? 1 of food for Emetic syndrome. (Granum Lund, 2006) To perform a total cell count and the confirmation of B. cereus by either the pour or spread plate method the equipment required is as follows: General non-selective agar Mannitol egg yolk polymixin agar (MEYP/MYP) Petri dishes Glass or disposable â€Å"hockey stick† spreader Bunsen burner Test tubes Ringers solution Pastettes / Pippettes Food blender Before a cell count can be performed a serial dilution of an homogenate of the rice salad is required. For this one part rice salad is blended to nine part ringers solution, from this initial homogenate that the serial dilution is created by taking 1ml of this original and adding it to 9ml of ringers solution thereby creating a 1:10 dilution of the original. This step is repeated a further 5 times, each time taking 1ml from the dilution created in the previous tube and adding it to 9ml of ringers solution thereby with each step the original sample is diluted by a further factor of 10, (Figure 1). Once the serial dilution has been completed down to a dilution of 1:1,000,000 (10-6) either the pour or spread plate method of plating out of the samples can be performed Figure 1: Serial dilution When using a general non-selective agar both the pour and spread plate methods can be used for enumeration of the total bacteria in the rice salad. With both methods all plates are performed in triplicate. Along-side the non-selective agar, an agar such as MEYP/MYP selective agar which is selective for B. cereus can be used to confirm that B. cereus is present in the original sample. In the pour plate method 1ml or 0. 1ml of each of the dilutions prepared earlier within the serial dilution are added to individual petri dishes and a nutrient agar which is held at around 50oC is poured over each of these samples, the petri dishes are swirled causing gentle agitation and mixing the bacteria with the agar. After the agar has solidified the plates are incubated, after this incubation the pour plates show bacterial growth both on and within the agar due to aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. In the spread plate method 0. 1ml of each of the serial dilution solutions is pipetted onto the surface of a pre-poured agar plate and spread using a â€Å"hockey stick† spreader, the agar plates are then incubated. Bacterial colonies only grow on the surface of the spread plate, (Figure 2) Figure 2: Method of Pour and spread plate technique. Microbial Growth, 2011) Once the plates have been incubated they are examined and the number of colonies counted, only plates that show between 30-300 colonies are counted, if the number of colonies is above 300 then the plate is discarded as too numerous to count, if below 30 it is discarded as too few to count. After the plates showing between 30-300 colonies have been counted the number of bacteria in the original sample can be worked out using the calcula tion Number of colonies on plate x dilution of sample = number of bacteria / ml If growth has occurred on the MEYP/MYP plates, a Gram stain can be performed on a sample from one of the colonies, when the gram stain is examined under oil immersion B. cereus should appear as large Gram-positive bacilli in short-to-long chains; with spores that are ellipsoidal, central to subterminal, and that do not swell the sporangium. (Tallent, Rhodehamel , Harmon, Bennett, 2012) (Figure 3) Figure 3: flow diagram showing order of events leading to the enumeration of total bacteria and Bacillus cereus in a sample of food. 2. Explain why MEYP/MYP agar is selective for Bacillus cereus B. cereus is mannitol-negative. The mannitol content of the medium thus allows differentiation of the accompanyingmannitol-positive microbial flora which are identified by a change in colour of the indicator phenol red to yellow. B. cereus is not affected by concentrations of polymyxin which inhibit the common accompanying microbial flora (Donovan, 1958). Addition of polymyxin is necessary, however, if the sample material is suspected to contain high-numbers of accompanying microorganisms B. cereus produces lecithinase. The insoluble degradation products of egg-yolk lecithin accumulate around the Cereus colonies to form a white precipitate. A lecithinase reaction occurs very early in many strains, Cereus colonies can, therefore, often be rapidly identified before accompanying polymyxin-resistant microorganisms have had a chance to fully develop. Incubation: 18-40 hours at 32  °C. B. cereus appears as rough, dry colonies with a pink to purple base which are surrounded by a ring of dense precipitate. Colonies surrounded by a yellow or a clear zone are not Bacillus cereus. Further tests should be performed to confirm the identity of Bacillus cereus (anaerobic degradation of D(+)glucose, degradation of gelatin, positive nitrate reduction). (Merck, 2012) 3. Suggest how health officers may have come to the tentative conclusion of B. cereus poisoning. Health officers may have come to this conclusion based on the short incubation time to the sudden onset of illness, and due to rice already being implicated as the source of this type of food poisoning in other cases. 4. Suggest ways in which: i. The rice salad might have been infected by the Bacillus cereus; ii. The Bacillus cereus could have survived the normal cooking process of the rice; iii. Bacillus cereus causes food poisoning. B. cereus is present in the outer casing of rice and, because it is able to form spores that are very resistant to low or high temperatures, it can therefore easily survive cooking and less-than perfect refrigeration. Improper storage of food stuffs is the issue. Bacillus cereus spores can survive boiling and if the food, in this case rice is stored at ambient temperature, the spores can germinate into toxin producing bacteria. Herriman, 2009) Bacillus cereus has been reported to be present in stools of healthy humans at varying levels (Johnson, 1984) therefore if an individual had not washed their hands after going to the toilet then handled the serving spoon any B. cereus from the hands could be transferred to the serving spoon which in turn could either infect the rice salad or the hand of the person next using the spoon. When rice is boiled and then stored i n the fridge without being cooled first, these spores can germinate on the cooked rice and grow well at 4oC. If the rice is then used in a stir fry or similar dish, where the cooking time is relatively short, or the rice is held at an insufficient temperature enough of the bacteria survive to be ingested. Bacillus cereus causes food poisoning of two different types, emetic and diarrhoeal. (Table 1) Table 1. Characteristics of the two types of disease caused by Bacillus cereus Diarrhoeal syndromeEmetic syndrome Infective dose105–107 (total)105–108 (cells g? 1) Toxin producedIn the small intestine of the hostPreformed in foods Type of toxinProteinCyclic peptide Incubation period8–16 h (occasionally gt;24 h)0. –5 h Duration of illness12–24 h (occasionally several days)6–24 h SymptomsAbdominal pain, watery diarrhoea and occasionally nauseaNausea, vomiting and malaise (sometimes followed by diarrhoea, due to additional enterotoxin production? ) Foods most frequently implicatedMeat products, soups, vegetables, puddings/sauces and milk/milk productsStarch- rich foods; Fried and cooked rice, pasta, pastry and noodles The form that produces diarrhoea is accompanied by symptoms that are virtually indistinguishable from those caused by the Clostridium perfingens bacteria. The affected person experiences abdominal cramps and severe watery diarrhoea within about 15 hours of eating the contaminated rice. Vomiting rarely occurs but the diarrhoea carries on between 1 and 2 days. The diarrhetic syndromes observed in patients are thought to stem from the three toxins Hemolysin BL Hbl, Nonhemolytic Enterotoxin Nhe and Cytotoxin K CytK. These enterotoxins are all produced in the small intestine of the host, thus thwarting the issue of digestion by host endogenous enzymes. Some strains of the bacteria have an extra plasmid that carries a gene for a toxin that causes severe vomiting. These strains cause the emetic form of Bacillus cereus and produce symptoms very similar to food poisoning by Staphylococcus aureus. After ingesting rice contaminated with these strains, vomiting begins between 1 and 5 hours. The effects are fairly short-lived and the digestive system usually returns to normal within about 24 hours. The emetic form is commonly caused by rice that is not cooked for a time and temperature sufficient to kill any spores present, then improperly refrigerated. It can produce a toxin, cereulide, which is not inactivated by later reheating. This form leads to nausea and vomiting 1–5 hours after consumption. It can be difficult to distinguish from other short-term bacterial foodborne pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus References Microbial Growth. (2011). Retrieved March 3, 2012, from The Growth Of Bacterial Cultures: http://classes. midlandstech. com/carterp/Courses/bio225/chap06/Microbial%20Growth%20ss5. htm Donovan, K. O. (1958). A selective medium for Bacillus cereus in milk. J. Appl. Bact. (21), 100-103. Granum, P. , Lund, T. (2006, January 17). Bacillus cereus and its food poisoning toxins. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 157(2), 223-228. doi:10. 1111/j. 1574-6968. 1997. tb12776. x Herriman, R. (2009, September 13). Food-Borne Intoxication – Bacillus Cereus. Retrieved March 6, 2012, from ezinearticles. com: http://ezinearticles. com/? Food-Borne-Intoxication—Bacillus-Cereusid=2915150 Johnson, K. M. (1984). Bacillus cereus food-borne illness. An update. J Food Prot, 47, 145–153. Merck. (2012). MYP Agar. Retrieved March 01, 2012, from Merck Microbiology Manual 12th Edition: http://www. mibius. de/out/oxbaseshop/html/0/images/wysiwigpro/MYP_Agar_105267_engl. pdf Tallent, S. M. , Rhodehamel , E. , Harmon, S. M. , Bennett, R. W. (2012, February 02). BAM: Bacillus cereus. Retrieved March 05, 2012, from FDA U. S. Food and Drug Administration: How to cite Microbiology Coursework: Bacillus Cereus, Papers